HABERMAS / RATZINGER
If you're looking for a good essay by Juergen Habermas (in German), check out this essay along with a response by the Pope formerly known as Cardinal Ratzinger (via here). The topic of the essays is the moral foundation of democratic politics. Habermas begins with the question of whether modern democracies are doomed to draw from moral - especially religious - sources that they cannot themselves produce. His short answer: he wants to treat the question "undramatically as an open empirical question."
Habermas concludes by arguing that liberal democracies must leave a wide space for religious expression and religious forms of life:
A state neutrality with respect to world views - and a state power that guarantees the same ethical freedoms for each and every citizen - is incompatible with the political generalization of a secular point of view. Insofar as they appear qua citizens, secularized citizens may neither deny any and all potential for truth to religious world views, nor contest the right of their religiously motivated co-citizens to contribute to public discourse using religious language. A liberal political culture can even expect that secularized citizens will participate in the efforts required to translate relevant contributions from religious language into a publicly accessible one.*
Die weltanschauliche Neutralität der Staatsgewalt, die gleiche ethische Freiheiten für jeden Bürger garantiert, ist unvereinbar mit der politischen Verallgemeinerung einer säkularistischen Weltsicht. Säkularisierte Bürger dürfen, soweit sie in ihrer Rolle als Staatsbürger auftreten, weder religiösen Weltbildern grundsätzlich ein Wahrheitspotential absprechen, noch den gläubigen Mitbürgern das Recht bestreiten, in religiöser Sprache Beiträge zu öffentlichen Diskussionen zu machen. Eine liberale politische Kultur kann sogar von den säkularisierten Bürgern erwarten, dass sie sich an Anstrengungen beteiligen, relevante Beiträge aus der religiösen in eine öffentlich zugängliche Sprache zu übersetzen.
Habermas isn't just being polite because of his company. He underlines and appropriates the term "post-secular society" to call for a process of reciprocal understanding between the religious and the non-religious:
The expression "post-secular" shows public recongition for the contributions that religious communities make to the reproduction of desirable motives and views. In addition, within the public consciousness of a post-secular society, a normative insight shines through, and this insight has consequences for how unbelievers should act politically towards believers. In the post-secular society, it becomes clear that the "modernization of the public consciousness" affects both religious and worldly mentalities and changes both reflexively, albeit in different phases. If both sides comprehend the secularization of society as a complementary learning process, then they have cognitive reasons to take seriously each others' contributions to controversial topics in public life.*
Der Ausdruck „postsäkular“ zollt den Religionsgemeinschaften auch nicht nur öffentliche Anerkennung für den funktionalen Beitrag, den sie für die Reproduktion erwünschter Motive und Einstellungen leisten. Im öffentlichen Bewusstsein einer postsäkularen Gesellschaft spiegelt sich vielmehr eine normative Einsicht, die für den politischen Umgang von ungläubigen mit gläubigen Bürgern Konsequenzen hat. In der postsäkularen Gesellschaft setzt sich die Erkenntnis durch, dass die „Modernisierung des öffentlichen Bewusstseins“ phasenverschoben religiöse wie weltliche Mentalitäten erfasst und reflexiv verändert. Beide Seiten können, wenn sie die Säkularisierung der Gesellschaft gemeinsam als einen komplementären Lernprozess begreifen, ihre Beiträge zu kontroversen Themen in der Öffentlichkeit dann auch aus kognitiven Gründen gegenseitig ernstnehmen.
At the risk of taking a parochial turn: Habermas's talk of a "post-secular society" is something that lefty-bashers in the U.S. should pay attention to. He seems more concerned about the distortive effects of encroaching market norms and administrative power than he is concerned about the potentially divisive effects of religiously motivated political action. I can't say that I think that he's wrong to be so concerned, and in my view, Habermas's arguments get to the heart of any defensible understanding of what "the left" is - and should be - in modern society.
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*Error-ridden translations are my own.
MORE: Here's a translation of both the Habermas and Ratzinger speeches into Spanish. I'm working on one into English, at least of the Habermas piece, for those who are interested.




1 Comments:
Purely on the translation: nice job, thanks! You've even done Habermas a favor sometimes, simplifying his academic German into language that's more accessible in your translation than his words are in German.
On the substance: I guess I'll read the German to get some defense of these statements. I imagine there's some overlap between this and what I understand Jim Wallis to be writing.
Around these parts, I would also wish for an intra-religious citizenry debate about exactly what levels of God-given certainty they are sure they wish to inflict on the rest of us. But I also think respect for faith and faith-based morality behooves us; I'm never sure exactly where my sense of right and wrong comes from, so it's a kind of faith, too, I suppose.
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